Göğüs boşluğu içerisinde önde göğüs kemiğinin arka yüzü, arkada omurgalar, yanlarda akciğerler ile sınırlanan, içerisinde kalp, büyük damarlar, lenf nodu istasyonları ve sinir yapılarının yer aldığı bölgedir. Bu alanda çok sayıda farklı doku bulunduğundan çok çeşitli sayıda tümör ve kistler görülür. Prof. Dr. Serdar Han What is Mediastinum? What are the diseases? The mediastinum or mediastinum is the part of the rib cage behind the lungs. The mediastinum is a cavity containing many organs and pathologies. Thymic pathology, germ cell neoplasms, neuroendocrine tumors, lymphomas, soft tissue tumors and metastatic tumors constitute the main pathology. It extends from the top of the thorax to the diaphragm. It includes the heart, great vessels of the heart, esophagus, trachea, phrenic nerve, cardiac nerve, thymus, and mediastinal lymph nodes. Unlike adults, children often have respiratory distress and recurrent lung infections. Pain and cough are the most common symptoms, and severe pain indicates an advanced and invasive disease. Recurrent pulmonary infections and hemoptysis due to airway compression, dysphagia due to esophageal compression, paralysis due to spinal column involvement, unilateral diaphragmatic elevation due to phrenic nerve damage, hoarseness due to recurrent laryngeal nerve involvement, Horner's syndrome due to sympathetic ganglion involvement and vena cava superior (VCS) ) compression-related VKS syndrome 3 (VCSS) are the compression symptoms that can be seen. As in thymoma, systemic findings of some mediastinal diseases can be detected. It consists of three main parts; Anterior mediastinum: (anterosuperior compartment or retrosternal space) It is located behind the sternum, in front of the pericardium. Thymus, extrapericardial aorta and its branches, great veins and lymphatic tissues are included in this section. Middle mediastinum: (visceral area) It is bounded anteriorly by the anterior pericardium, posteriorly by the posterior pericardium, the diaphragm, and the thoracic inlet. This section includes the heart, intrapericardial great vessel, pericardium, and trachea. Posterior mediastinum: It extends from the posterior margins of the pericardium to the posterior border of the vertebral bodies, from the 1st rib to the diaphragm. Esophagus, nervus vagus, thoracic duct, sympathetic chain and azygos vein system are included in this section. DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH: IMAGING - CT, MRI, Radionucleic study TISSUE SAMPLING - Mediastinoscopy, Thoracoscopy, Needle aspiration, open lung biopsy Barium X-ray - Hernia, Achalasia, Diverticulum •I-131- Intrathoracic goiter Contact us Mediastinal Diseases Short Facts Anterior Mediastinal Mass Thymoma: It is a tumor originating from epithelial cells of the thymus. It is the most common cause of primary mediastinal tumors and anterior mediastinal masses in adults. Thymic carcinoma: Thymic carcinomas are a heterogeneous group of epithelial tumors with early local invasion and distant metastasis potential. Thymic Carcinoid: Thymic carcinoid is a rare, aggressive tumor that typically affects men in the 4th and 5th decades (40-50 years) with neuroendocrine features. Lymphoma: Lymphoma accounts for 10-20% of all mediastinal tumors in adults and is the second most common cause of primary anterior mediastinal masses after thymoma. Germ cell tumors: They constitute 15% of anterior mediastinal tumors in adults and 24% in children. They can rarely be found in the posterior mediastinum. Thyroid and parathyroid tissue: Intrathoracic thyroid tissue is usually an extension of a cervical goiter but may rarely be found ectopically in the mediastinum. Intrathoracic goiter are cervico-thoracic masses that compress the trachea, usually on the right side. Radiologically, it contains lobulated, sharp-edged, cystic and hemorrhagic changes and areas of calcification. Patients may develop symptoms such as shortness of breath, stridor, wheezing, and dysphagia. Middle Mediastinal Mass lymphadenopathy: Infectious (mycobacterial and fungal) and non-infectious granulomatous diseases (such as sarcoidosis and silicosis) may involve mediastinal lymph nodes. Vascular lesions: They constitute approximately 10% of all mediastinal masses and arise from arteries or veins of the systemic or pulmonary circulation. Posterior Mediastinal Mass Neurogenic tumors: Mediastinal tumors are usually located in the paravertebral area and neurogenic tumors are examined in three groups according to the structure they develop as peripheral nerve, sympathetic ganglion and paraganglion tumors. Mediastinal Cystic Lesions: Primary cysts of the mediastinum constitute 20% of all mediastinal lesions. This heterogeneous group includes pericardial cysts, bronchogenic cysts, enteric cysts, thymic cysts, and ductus thoracic cysts (43-47). Bronchogenic and enteric cysts are known together as enterogenic cysts. Mediastinitis: The term mediastinitis is used to express various infectious or inflammatory conditions in the mediastinum. Acute mediastinitis develops due to reasons such as esophageal or tracheobronchial perforation, penetrating chest trauma, postoperative sternal wound healing, paravertebral abscess or spread of oropharyngeal infection, RT, malignancy. Patients usually have a sudden onset of high fever, sweating, chest pain, dyspnea, and dysphagia. Pneumomediastinum: It occurs spontaneously or as a result of overstretching and rupture of the alveoli due to increased intrathoracic volume or pressure in conditions such as asthma, trauma, and mechanical ventilation.

Prof. Dr. Serdar Han ; Soluk borusu (veya nefes borusu ya da trachea) vücutta solunan havanın geçtiği, boru şeklinde bir organdır. Omurgalılarda trakea havanın boğazdan akciğerlere geçişini sağlarken, omurgasızlarda dışarıdaki havayı doğrudan iç dokulara ulaştırır. Trakea Darlığı Nedir? Ana Hava Yolu Nefes Borusu Trakea Tümörleri Nedir? Bronş Karsinomları Nedir? Trakea Ostonemi Nedir? Prof. Dr. Serdar Han What are Airway Diseases? What is Tracheal Stenosis? (Main Airway Trachea) In the medical language, the patient has shortness of breath due to the decrease in the diameter of the trachea and/or the trachea. It can reach levels that affect the daily life of the patient. It usually occurs after a trauma, prolonged intubation or after an opened tracheostomy. It can be seen at almost every level. In general, subglottic constrictions are more common. The struggle with the contractions here is a little more difficult and long-lasting. The main treatment methods in contractions are dilatation. The (expansion) method is the surgical removal of the narrowed area or, if these are not possible, stent applications to keep the narrowing area wide. Recently, laser applications have also been made. What are Tracheal Tumors? They are rare tumors. Its treatment is surgery. Stents are used together with laser applications to keep the airway open in cases that cannot be treated surgically or that recur. What Are Bronchial Carcinomas? It is a disease of the smaller airways. It has two types. They are called typical and atypical. Type A is malignant. In both, surgical treatment is the main method. What is Tracheal Ostonemia? It is the name of the airway opened for patients who cannot breathe with their existing airways to breathe more easily. If the patient's condition improves later, this opened airway can be closed. The patient can breathe normally. Contact us Airway Diseases (Trachea) Short Facts Trachea Trachea Disorders Symptoms Trachea Trachea Disorders Treatment Bronchial Carcinoma Symptoms and Treatment What is Trachea Ostonemia Application?

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Aşırı ayak terlemesinin sık olarak görüldüğü bilinmektedir. Aşırı ayak terlemesi olan insanlar çoğu zaman kendini belli etmediklerinden diğer aşırı terlemesi olanlara göre saklayabilmektedirler. Aşırı ayak terlemesi olanlarda beraberinde aşırı el terlemesi, aşırı koltuk altı terle Klipsli ETS ile sempatektomi yapılan hastaların bazılarında aşırı ayak terlemesi hiçbir şekilde etkilenmemektedir. Sweaty Feet What is Excessive Foot Sweating? It is well known that excessive foot sweating is a common condition. People with excessive foot sweating can often conceal their condition better than those with excessive sweating in other areas. However, excessive foot sweating is frequently accompanied by excessive sweating in the hands, underarms, or face. In some cases, foot sweating can be so severe that moisture seeps into footwear, making socks constantly wet. Individuals suffering from this condition often carry extra socks with them at all times. Many avoid removing their shoes in public due to discomfort and embarrassment. Additionally, excessive foot sweating can lead to health issues. The persistent moisture between the toes can cause irritation, swelling, and eventually lead to fungal infections, which result in unpleasant odors. In severe cases, excessive sweating can lead to foot ulcers, impairing mobility. There are various treatment methods for excessive foot sweating. The primary options include iontophoresis and Botox injections. However, Botox treatment for foot sweating is known to be quite painful and needs to be repeated every six months. Iontophoresis (a water-based electrical therapy) is a continuous treatment method but has limited effectiveness in cases of severe sweating. For persistent excessive foot sweating, a surgical procedure called sympathectomy may be required. This involves accessing the sympathetic nerves in the lower back through the abdominal region and applying clips to regulate nerve function. Currently, this procedure cannot be performed using minimally invasive (closed) surgical techniques and requires open surgery. In cases where excessive foot sweating coexists with excessive hand, underarm, or facial sweating, a procedure called clipped endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy (ETS) can be performed. This method has been observed to reduce foot sweating in some patients significantly, with near-complete resolution in certain cases. However, this outcome is not guaranteed for all patients. Some individuals undergoing clipped ETS for excessive hand, underarm, or facial sweating experience little to no improvement in foot sweating. On average, ETS is known to reduce excessive foot sweating by approximately 50%.