Ankara Etlik City Hospital Chest, Cardiovascular Diseases Hospital
Thoracic Surgery Specialist
Prof. Dr. Serdar HAN
Prof. Dr. About Serdar Han
Working with great devotion and love for his profession and people for over thirty years, Dr. Han is a Physician who has worked in many hospitals and universities in the fields of Thoracic Surgery and Diseases in Ankara. Main areas of specialization; Lung Cancer , Esophageal Cancer, together with specifically Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (Shoulder Trap Disease) , Chest Wall Deformities and Excessive Sweating Treatment;
Clip-on ETS , Closed Surgical Procedures He has helped his patients in many issues such as and continues to be. He also made a name for himself in Ankara and within the scope of Thoracic Surgery and Diseases;
Lung Cancer , Lung Infections , Pleura (Lung Membrane) Diseases , Trachea (Airway) Diseases , Pectus excavatum (funnel chest) s discomfort,
Esophagus (Eesophagus) Diseases, Endoscopic Procedures , Mediastinal Diseases , Thoracic Wall Diseases like a lot He has helped countless patients regain their health.
Areas of expertise
Lung Diseases
Lung Cancers
Today, thanks to the new technology developed in surgery in the treatment of lung cancer, and in parallel with the smart drugs in the field of chemotherapy and the advances in radiation oncology, we are getting more satisfactory results. It is among the most common tumors in both men and women in the world.
What are these tumors? Benign tumor of the lung, malignant tumor of the lung, metastatic tumor of the lung, rare tumors of the lung.
According to culture results, the need for surgery for lung infections has decreased significantly due to the widespread use of advanced antibiotics today. However, there is still a group of patients who cannot recover despite medication and require surgical treatment. These are empyema, lung abscess, bronchiectasis, cyst hydatid disease, etc. The recovery rate is very high in these patients who receive surgical treatment.
Pleura is the name of the lung membrane. It is a very thin membrane. There is one inner membrane covering the lung (visceral pleura) and one outer membrane covering the inner surface of the chest outside the lung (parietal pleura). Between these two membranes is a sterile area with a thin gap and slippery fluid that allows them to move easily over each other. Fluid, air, infection and malignant tumors that accumulate in this area cause disease. Most of these diseases can be treated with surgical treatment.
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
TOS is a disorder commonly known as shoulder trap disease. These patients may complain of numbness, pain, weakness, and tingling in the head, neck, shoulders, arms, and hands. There may be swelling in the hands and arms. However, the most important thing to know is that there are many disorders that can cause these complaints. Therefore, a careful evaluation should be made with a thoracic surgeon, brain surgeon, physical therapist, and neurologist to determine the real cause and plan treatment accordingly. (such as cervical disc herniation, cervical flattening, muscular rheumatism, nerve compression).
Esophagus Diseases
The esophagus, commonly known as the food pipe, is a muscular tube that connects the oral cavity to the stomach. There are benign and malignant diseases of the esophagus. The most common complaints are difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), painful swallowing (odynophagia) and a feeling of being stuck. Surgery is a specific operation. Thanks to advances in surgical techniques, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the results have become more pleasing.
Mediastinal Diseases
The mediastinum or mediastinum refers to the section of the chest, located between the lungs and outside the heart. It is a region extending from the lower neck to the diaphragm. There are many lymph nodes here, along with vascular and neural networks. In addition, there is the thymus gland in the front, the esophagus in the back and the trachea in the middle. Diseases related to all of these formations can be seen. And many of them have the chance to be corrected with surgical treatment.
Airway Diseases
The main airway (trachea) is divided into two, right and left airways. Each of these is divided into three on the right and two on the left due to the anatomical features of the lungs. Obstructions and narrowing in the airways can present with serious shortness of breath, hemoptysis and copious sputum production in the patient. There are malignant and benign diseases of the trachea. Surgical treatment is successfully applied. However, surgery is a surgery that requires special care.
Thoracic Wall Diseases
The thoracic wall is a structure made up of bones and muscles that protects our heart and lungs and allows us to breathe. The bone structure is formed by the ribs and sternum (chest of the heart). Congenital anomalies of the thoracic wall (cobbler's chest, pigeon chest), benign tumors (chondroma, lipoma, osteoma), malignant tumors ( chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma,
abdomyosarcoma etc.) may occur.
These diseases can also be treated surgically. Especially shoemaker's and pigeon chest can be treated with non-surgical methods (vacuum bell) in suitable cases recently.
Endoscopic Procedures
Endoscopic procedures are procedures performed using optical devices, light sources, cameras and monitors to examine the internal organs of the body, take samples and plan treatment if necessary. They are methods that cause less pain and discomfort to patients.
- Bronchoscopy
- Esophagoscopy
- Mediastinoscopy
- Mediastinostomy
- Videothoracoscopic Interventions
Pectus Excavatum Disorder
Shoemaker Chest
The condition that occurs when the cartilage part of the ribs, which we call the anterior chest wall, and the sternum to which they are attached collapse inwards is called a cobbler's chest. It can appear in many ways. It usually starts in childhood and becomes apparent with the growth of height in adolescence. A child with a cobbler's chest deformity should definitely be checked for kyphosis or scoliosis (humpback, curvature) in the back. Another important issue, although less common, is that lung and heart functions should be evaluated.
Closed Surgical Procedures Applied
The most well-known and widely used method of closed surgery methods in Thoracic Surgery is Video-assisted thoracic surgery operations. video assisted thoracic surgery- VATS). With the VATS method, it can now be performed under appropriate conditions and on appropriate patients for every disease. The most important advantage of this method is to reduce pain and ensure that the patient recovers faster. It is successfully applied with the increasing experience of the surgical team in parallel with the developments in the devices every passing day. Another closed method is robotic surgery applications. The working principle is the same as the VATS method.
Lung Diseases
In Excessive Sweating
Surgical Treatment Method
In cases of excessive sweating, if the preoperative medical treatments (creams, drugs and lotions), iontophoresis and botox methods are not successful or are not sufficient, surgical methods are successfully applied. Surgery can be performed comfortably with satisfactory results today. Surgical treatment is performed with the VATS method, which we call closed surgery among the public. The most commonly used method in surgery is clip ets (endoscopic thoracal sympathectomy). However, this surgery is also performed with cauterization and cutting when necessary. In very rare cases, if it is not suitable for closed surgery, sympathectomy is also performed with open surgery.
General body sweating is the widespread sweating of the body from all over. It can be encountered with widespread sweating in the head, neck, chest, back, waist, abdomen, legs, joints and feet. General sweating can also usually be an underlying problem. Therefore, detailed examination and blood tests should be performed. If the problem can be detected, a solution to this problem can be found for general sweating. The closed surgery, clip ets method we perform is not an effective and solving method for general sweating. This method only provides successful results for sweating in the face, armpits and hands. If there is also foot sweating, we have patients who state that sweating in the patient is reduced with this surgery.
Excessive underarm sweating is a common and disturbing sweating in society. Although it is a closed area, it can reach a level that reaches our clothes. It can cause odor. It causes significant discomfort especially in our female patients. It negatively affects daily and social life. It can occur alone in the underarm or together with hand, face and foot sweating. Good results can be obtained in suitable cases with closed surgery, VATS ets, clip ets methods.
Sweaty Feet
Excessive foot sweating is also frequently seen in our society. People with excessive foot sweating may also experience accompanying sweating in other areas. Foot sweating can also cause a very uncomfortable and unhealthy environment for the person. It causes fungus and infection development, especially in the feet; this causes a bad odor. In the treatment of patients with foot sweating alone, in addition to medical, iontophoresis and botox treatments, sympathectomy surgery can be applied if these treatments are ineffective and/or inadequate.
Sweaty Hands
Sweaty hands are the most common and visible sweating. It is known that people with sweaty hands have serious problems in their social and business lives. They generally prefer to stay away from environments that require hand contact. They always have a napkin in their hands. They cannot write comfortably, cannot hold an object comfortably, cannot play a musical instrument and are hesitant to shake hands. People with sweaty hands may also experience chills and coldness in their hands. Very successful results are obtained with closed surgery, sympathectomy, clipped ets, VATS ets methods in hand sweating.
Facial Sweating
Facial sweating is a common disorder that is more distressing than it is obvious. It is possible to come across people with beads of sweat almost everywhere. This sweating can be so much that it can soak into their hair, neck, back, shoulders and even the collar of the shirt or sweater they wear. Good results are obtained in suitable cases with closed surgery, sympathectomy, clip-on ets, VATS ets methods.
Reflex Sweating
Reflex sweating is a condition that all people who will undergo sweating surgery should definitely know. It is very important for the patient to understand this issue well. If necessary, they should ask and research again. Reflex sweating, to put it simply, is the sweating of one place after the sweating stops in another place. This is a physiological response of our body. It is seen in almost every patient. What is different here is the degree of occurrence. This condition is severe, moderate or mild in some. Reflex sweating is seen anywhere on the main body (chest, back, abdomen, waist, hips or legs). Reflex sweating is not seen in the hands, armpits, face and feet. There is still no complete treatment method that can be said about reflex sweating treatment. Studies are ongoing.
Clip-on ETS
Clip ETS; It includes the expressions we call closed surgery, sympathectomy, VATS ets and means the same thing. It is the name given to the surgery method. Clip; It is the name of the material used. Its quality is titanium. It does not cause any harm to the body. It does not cause a problem when taking a tomography or MRI. The clips do not move easily after they are placed.
Thoracic Surgery and Chest Diseases &
Sweating Disorders
The primary cause of lung cancer is smoking. Asbestos can contribute to cancer development due to its long-term irritation of the respiratory tract. In addition to radon, an odorless radioactive gas found in homes, exposure to chemicals such as arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, and vinyl chloride, as well as tuberculosis (TB), can increase the risk of lung cancer. Genetic predisposition, air pollution, and individuals who have previously undergone radiotherapy can also develop lung cancer. Furthermore, having had lung cancer in the past is a risk factor for developing it again. Additionally, genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and dietary habits, believed to have an effect on all types of cancer, can also predispose to lung cancer. Risky occupations for lung cancer include mining, shipyard work, painting, foundry work, chimney sweeping, working in petrochemical industries, glass and ceramic manufacturing, and battery manufacturing.
Akciğer kanserinde tedavi, hastanın tespit edildiği evresi ve tespit edilen akciğer kanseri hücre tipine göre değişmektedir. Cerrahi, ilaç (kemoterapi), ışın (radyoterapi) ve diğer destek tedavileri tek başına veya bir arada uygulanabilir. Hastalığın evresi ve hücre tipini belirledikten sonra, hastanın yaşı ve performans durumu da göz önünde tutularak tedavisi planlanır. Cerrahi tedavi erken dönem akciğer kanserlerinde esas tedavi yöntemidir. Cerrahi tedavide başarı, hastaların iyi seçimine, evrelemenin iyi yapılmasına bağlı olup, ayrıca hastaların fizyolojik durumları, performansları, solunumsal ve kalp fonksiyonlarının ameliyat öncesi değerlendirilmesi de önemlidir. Cerrahi tedavi ile uygun hastalarda akciğerin bir kısmı veya bir akciğerin tamamı alınabilmektedir. Teşhis ve tedavide geç kalmamak önemlidir. Kanserde erken tanı, tedavi şansını artırır, tedaviyi kolaylaştırır, doku ve organ kaybını azaltır veya önler, tedavi giderlerini azaltır ve hayat kurtarır. Akciğer kanseri en sık görülen kanser türüdür ancak önlenebilir bir kanserdir.
Lung cancer symptoms and risk factors are similar in both women and men, but the rates differ. According to the 2020 World Cancer Statistics, lung cancer continues to be the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in both women and men; 18% of all cancer-related deaths are due to lung cancer.
Unhealthy diet.
Smoking and exposure to tobacco smoke are the most significant risk factors for lung cancer.
Genetic and hormonal differences between women and men.
A 2014 study published in the Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgical Seminars suggested that certain genes and hormones increase the mortality rate from lung cancer in women.
Genetics.
Researchers have identified several genes that could explain the differences in lung cancer rates between women and men. Some of these genes are inherited, while others are activated by exposure to tobacco.
KRAS:
Any mutation in the KRAS gene can cause cancerous tumors to grow faster. A mutation in this gene can also increase the likelihood of tumors metastasizing (spreading). The review showed that KRAS mutations, in combination with exposure to estrogen, a female sex hormone, can make lung cancer grow more aggressively.
The review links Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor (GRPR) activity to cancer cell growth. This receptor is more active in women, and exposure to estrogen can amplify its effects.
EGFR:
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) is a protein often found in individuals with lung cancer. Mutations in the gene that produces EGFR are significantly more common in women compared to men.
HER2, which is part of the EGFR gene group, is found in most adenocarcinoma cases. HER2 is associated with poorer survival rates in women with lung cancer.
Hormonal Differences: Estrogen
The age of menopause is a factor.
Researchers have found estrogen receptors on lung cancer cells derived from both men and women. The same 2014 study on genes and hormones in lung cancer development showed that estrogen stimulates the growth of tumor cells. Additionally, the study proved that therapies blocking estrogen have cancer-suppressive effects.
Like all cancers, it has four stages. New staging is being done every day based on the information gathered. The latest staging has reached stage 8. Staging depends on the tumor's size, whether there is metastasis in the lymph nodes and distant organs.
Stage 1: The cancer is confined to the lung. In other words, it has not spread to the lymph nodes, and the tumor size is smaller than 2-3 cm.
Stage 2: Although the cancer has not spread to the lymph nodes, it is close to the diaphragm or the chest wall, which separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. The tumor size ranges from 3 to 5 cm. If the tumor is smaller than 5 cm but has spread to nearby lymph nodes or bronchi, it is also considered stage 2 lung cancer.
Stage 3/A: Cancer cells have spread to the lymph nodes between the lungs or are near the trachea. In addition, cases where the cancer has not spread to the lymph nodes but has spread to organs such as the heart and trachea are also included in stage 3/A.
Stage 3-A: The tumor is in the range of 5-7 cm. Cancer cells have spread to the lymph nodes between the lungs or are near the trachea. Additionally, cases where the cancer has not spread to the lymph nodes but has spread to organs such as the heart and trachea are included in stage 3/A.
Stage 3-B: The cancer is near the lymph nodes in the middle of the chest, or near the heart or the area where the trachea divides.
Stage 4: The tumor is larger than 7 cm and may be present in both lungs. It may have spread to the fluid surrounding the lungs and heart or metastasized to other parts of the body, such as the brain, bones, and other organs.
Nodül; etrafı havalı akciğer dokusu ile çevrili, sayıca tek, çapı 3 cm’den küçük, sınırları belirgin, genelde yuvarlak, beraberce lenf bezi büyümesi ve ya sıvı gibi durumların eşlik etmediği, akciğer içinde yerleşmiş lezyondur. Akciğerde görülen nodülün iyi veya kötü huylu olduğunun ayırt edilmesinde kullanılan. özellikler nodül boyutu, kenarı, kalsifikasyon varlığı, dansite özellikleri ve büyümesidir. Akciğer kanserine bağlı gelişen nodüllerin çapı genellikle 3 cm’den. büyüktür. Daha önceki tomografik değerlendirmesine kıyasla boyutunda %25’den fazla artış olan nodüller de genellikle kanser riski açısından değerlendirilir. Nodülün cidarının düzensiz olması kanser riskini yaklaşık 5 kat arttırırken, nodül içinde kalsifikasyon (kireç birikimi) iyi huylu olma olasılığını arttırır. Solid nodüller, yani içi kistik veya sıvı ile dolu olmayan nodüller, kanser açısından yüksek risklidir. Akciğerde kitle dendiğinde genellikle solid nodülden bahsedilir.
Increasing Cough: Coughing, one of the initial symptoms of lung cancer, is often not taken seriously as it is usually attributed to other causes. However, a persistent cough that lasts for more than two weeks, gradually increases, and has no identifiable cause, is a primary indicator of lung cancer. Additionally, the presence of blood in sputum or the color of the sputum being dark brown is also recognized as important symptoms of lung cancer.
When can a cough be a symptom of lung cancer?
Chest Pain: Chest pain, which can stem from many different causes, is actually one of the primary symptoms of lung cancer. If chest pain worsens with deep breaths, coughing, or laughing, it is crucial to consult a doctor without delay.
Shortness of Breath: Respiratory symptoms, such as shortness of breath and wheezing, can appear in all stages of lung cancer.
Lung cancer symptoms and risk factors are similar between women and men, but the rates differ. According to the 2020 World Cancer Statistics, lung cancer continues to be the leading cause of death in both women and men; 18% of all cancer-related deaths are caused by lung cancer.
Risk factors for lung cancer in women and men:
Unhealthy diet: Smoking and exposure to tobacco smoke are the most significant risk factors for lung cancer.
Genetic and hormonal differences between women and men: A 2014 study published in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgical Seminars suggests that certain genes and hormones increase the mortality rate from lung cancer in women.
Genetics: Researchers have identified several genes that may explain the differences in lung cancer rates between women and men. Some of these genes are inherited, while others are activated by exposure to tobacco.
KRAS: Any mutation in the KRAS gene can cause cancerous tumors to grow more rapidly. A mutation in this gene may also increase the likelihood of metastasis (spread) of the tumors. The study has shown that KRAS mutations, when exposed to other hormones such as estrogen, can make the growth of lung cancer more aggressive.
The study associates the activity of the Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor (GRPR) with cancer cell growth. This receptor is more active in women, and exposure to estrogen may increase the receptor's effects.
EGFR: Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) is a protein commonly found in individuals with lung cancer. Mutations in the EGFR-producing gene are significantly more common in women than men.
HER2, a part of the EGFR gene group found in most adenocarcinoma cases, is associated with worse survival rates in women with lung cancer.
Hormonal differences: Estrogen: The age at which menopause occurs. Researchers have found estrogen receptors on lung cancer cells obtained from both women and men. The same 2014 study on genes and hormones in lung cancer development demonstrated that estrogen promotes the growth of tumor cells. The study also proved that treatments aimed at blocking estrogen have cancer-suppressing effects.
Giderek Artan Öksürük. Akciğer kanserinin ilk belirtileri arasında yer alan öksürük, çoğunlukla başka nedenlere bağlı olduğu düşünülerek yeterince önemsenmiyor. Oysa iki haftadan uzun süren, giderek artan ve nedeni belirlenemeyen inatçı öksürük, akciğer kanserinin temel göstergesi olarak karşımıza çıkıyor. Bunun yanı balgamda kan görülmesi veya balgam renginin koyu kahverengi olması da akciğer kanserinde önemli belirtiler olarak biliniyor. Öksürük hangi durumlarda akciğer kanseri belirtisi olabilir? Göğüs Ağrısı. Yine pek çok nedenden kaynaklanabilen göğüs ağrısı da, aslında akciğer kanserinin temel belirtileri arasında yer alıyor. Göğüs ağrısı derin nefes alırken, öksürürken veya gülerken artıyorsa zaman kaybetmeden doktora başvurmak gerekiyor. Nefes Darlığı. Nefes darlığı ve hırıltılı soluma gibi solunumsal belirtiler akciğer kanserinin tüm evrelerinde ortaya çıkabiliyor.
Lung cancer symptoms and risk factors are similar between women and men, though the rates differ. According to the 2020 World Cancer Statistics, lung cancer continues to be the leading cause of death among both men and women, accounting for 18% of all cancer-related deaths.
Risk factors for lung cancer in women and men include an unhealthy diet. Smoking and exposure to tobacco smoke are the primary risk factors for lung cancer.
Genetic and hormonal differences between women and men have also been suggested as influencing lung cancer risk. A study published in the Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Seminars in 2014 indicated that certain genes and hormones increase the rate of lung cancer-related deaths in women.
Genetics: Researchers have identified several genes that may explain the differing lung cancer rates between men and women. Some of these genes are inherited, while others are activated through tobacco exposure. KRAS: Any mutation in the KRAS gene can accelerate tumor growth. This mutation also increases the likelihood of metastasis (spread). The study found that KRAS mutations, when combined with estrogen (a female sex hormone), make lung cancer growth more aggressive. The study also linked Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor (GRPR) activity with cancer cell growth. This receptor is more active in women, and exposure to estrogen can amplify its effects. EGFR: Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) is a protein frequently found in individuals with lung cancer. Mutations in the gene producing EGFR are significantly more common in women than men. HER2, which is part of the EGFR gene group found in most adenocarcinoma cases, is associated with worse survival rates in women with lung cancer.
Hormonal differences: Estrogen. The onset of menopause. Researchers have found estrogen receptors on lung cancer cells obtained from both women and men. The same 2014 study on genes and hormones in lung cancer showed that estrogen promotes tumor cell growth. The study also demonstrated that cancer-suppressing treatments work by blocking estrogen.
Akciğerde yer alan hücrelerin dengesiz bir şekilde çoğalması sonucu meydana gelen kötü huylu tümöral oluşumlara akciğer kanseri adı verilir. Akciğerin kötü huylu tümörleri küçük hücreli ve küçük hücreli olmayan ( small ve non-smallcell ) tümörleri olarak ikiye ayrılır. Küçük hücreli olmayan tümörleri de kabaca adenokarsinom ve yassı hücreli karsinom olarak ikiye ayrılır.
Nodül; etrafı havalı akciğer dokusu ile çevrili, sayıca tek, çapı 3 cm’den küçük, sınırları belirgin, genelde yuvarlak, beraberce lenf bezi büyümesi ve ya sıvı gibi durumların eşlik etmediği, akciğer içinde yerleşmiş lezyondur. Akciğerde görülen nodülün iyi veya kötü huylu olduğunun ayırt edilmesinde kullanılan. özellikler nodül boyutu, kenarı, kalsifikasyon varlığı, dansite özellikleri ve büyümesidir. Akciğer kanserine bağlı gelişen nodüllerin çapı genellikle 3 cm’den. büyüktür. Daha önceki tomografik değerlendirmesine kıyasla boyutunda %25’den fazla artış olan nodüller de genellikle kanser riski açısından değerlendirilir. Nodülün cidarının düzensiz olması kanser riskini yaklaşık 5 kat arttırırken, nodül içinde kalsifikasyon (kireç birikimi) iyi huylu olma olasılığını arttırır. Solid nodüller, yani içi kistik veya sıvı ile dolu olmayan nodüller, kanser açısından yüksek risklidir. Akciğerde kitle dendiğinde genellikle solid nodülden bahsedilir.
Increasing Cough: Coughing, one of the first signs of lung cancer, is often overlooked because it is commonly attributed to other causes. However, a persistent cough lasting more than two weeks, progressively worsening, and without an identifiable cause is a key indicator of lung cancer. Additionally, the presence of blood in sputum or the sputum being dark brown in color are also recognized as significant symptoms of lung cancer.
When can a cough be a sign of lung cancer?
Chest Pain: Chest pain, which can be caused by various factors, is actually one of the primary symptoms of lung cancer. If chest pain increases with deep breathing, coughing, or laughing, it is essential to consult a doctor without delay.
Shortness of Breath: Respiratory symptoms such as shortness of breath and wheezing can occur at all stages of lung cancer.
Akciğer kanserine yol açan etkenlerin başında sigara kullanımı gelir. Asbest, solunum yollarında uzun süreli tahrişe neden olduğundan kanser gelişiminde rol oynayabilir. Evlerde bulunan kokusuz radyoaktif gaz olan radonun yanı sıra arsenik, berilyum, kadmiyum, vinil klorür gibi kimyasalların solunması ve tüberküloz, (verem) akciğer kanseri görülme riskini arttırır. Genetik yatkınlık, hava kirliliği ve önceden radyoterapi alan kişilerde de akciğer kanseri görülebilir. Tüm bunların yanı sıra akciğer kanseri geçirmiş olmak da tekrar akciğer kanserine yakalanma ihtimalini arttıran etkenler arasında sayılabilir. Akciğer kanseri için riskli mesleklerden bazıları madencilik, tersane işçiliği, boyacılık, döküm işçiliği, baca temizleyiciliği, petrokimya işlerinde çalışmak, cam seramik işi yapmak ve batarya işçileri şeklinde sıralanabilir.
The main symptoms of lung diseases include dyspnea (Hemoptysis ), cough, wheezing, hemoptysis (coughing up blood), chest pain, and excessive, dark sputum production. In addition to these, symptoms such as fever, loss of appetite, weight loss, and depending on the location of the tumor, hoarseness, Horner's syndrome, hiccups, diaphragmatic elevation, arrhythmias, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), and swelling in the neck and face may also occur.
Cough is one of the early symptoms of lung cancer, yet it is often overlooked as it is commonly attributed to other causes. However, a persistent, progressively worsening cough lasting more than two weeks without an identifiable cause is considered a significant indicator of lung cancer. Additionally, the presence of hemoptysis (blood in sputum) or dark brown sputum is also recognized as an important sign of lung malignancy.
Although chest pain can result from various causes, it is also one of the key symptoms of lung cancer. If the pain worsens with deep breathing, coughing, or laughing, it is essential to seek medical attention without delay.
Respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea (shortness of breath) and wheezing can manifest in all stages of lung cancer.
Giderek Artan Öksürük. Akciğer kanserinin ilk belirtileri arasında yer alan öksürük, çoğunlukla başka nedenlere bağlı olduğu düşünülerek yeterince önemsenmiyor. Oysa iki haftadan uzun süren, giderek artan ve nedeni belirlenemeyen inatçı öksürük, akciğer kanserinin temel göstergesi olarak karşımıza çıkıyor. Bunun yanı balgamda kan görülmesi veya balgam renginin koyu kahverengi olması da akciğer kanserinde önemli belirtiler olarak biliniyor. Öksürük hangi durumlarda akciğer kanseri belirtisi olabilir? Göğüs Ağrısı. Yine pek çok nedenden kaynaklanabilen göğüs ağrısı da, aslında akciğer kanserinin temel belirtileri arasında yer alıyor. Göğüs ağrısı derin nefes alırken, öksürürken veya gülerken artıyorsa zaman kaybetmeden doktora başvurmak gerekiyor. Nefes Darlığı. Nefes darlığı ve hırıltılı soluma gibi solunumsal belirtiler akciğer kanserinin tüm evrelerinde ortaya çıkabiliyor.
Lung cancer treatment varies depending on the stage of the disease and the type of lung cancer cells identified. Surgical, pharmacological (chemotherapy), radiation (radiotherapy), and other supportive treatments may be applied alone or in combination. After determining the stage and cell type of the cancer, the patient's age and performance status are also taken into account when planning treatment. Surgical treatment is the primary method for early-stage lung cancer. Success in surgical treatment depends on the careful selection of patients and proper staging, as well as the preoperative evaluation of the patient's physiological condition, performance, respiratory, and cardiac function. In suitable patients, part or the entire lung can be removed through surgical treatment.
Timely diagnosis and treatment are crucial. Early diagnosis in cancer increases the chances of treatment, makes treatment easier, reduces or prevents tissue and organ loss, reduces treatment costs, and saves lives. Lung cancer is the most common type of cancer, but it is a preventable one.
When a mass is detected in the lung, it is essential to first determine whether the mass is benign or malignant. This determination is made today through PET CT and biopsy methods. In the case of a benign tumor, simply removing the mass is sufficient. For malignant lung cancer, in patients with an appropriate stage, anatomic resection and lymph node dissection should be performed.
1nci Evre: Kanser akciğer içindedir. Farklı bir deyişle lenf düğümlerine yayılmamıştır ve kitle boyutu 5 cm’den küçüktür.
2nci Evre: Kanser lenf bezlerine yayılmasa da göğüs boşluğu ile karın boşluğunu ayıran diyaframa ya da göğüs kafesine yakındır. Kitle boyutu 5 ila 7 cm. aralığındadır. Tümörün 7 cm’den küçük olduğu fakat kanserin lenf düğümlerinin ya da bronşların yakınına yayılmış olması da evre iki akciğer kanseri olarak değerlendirilir. Evre 3/A: Kanser hücreleri, akciğerlerin arasındaki lenf düğümlerine yayılmış ya da soluk borusuna yakındır. Ayrıca lenf düğümlerine yayılmamış fakat kalp ve soluk borusu gibi organlara yayılmış vakalar da evre 3/A kapsamında değerlendirilir.
3ncü Evre 3- A: Kanser hücreleri, akciğerlerin arasındaki lenf düğümlerine yayılmış ya da soluk borusuna yakındır. Ayrıca lenf düğümlerine yayılmamış fakat kalp ve soluk borusu gibi organlara yayılmış vakalar da evre 3/A kapsamında değerlendirilir.
3ncü Evre 3 - B: Kanser, göğsün orta hattında bulunan lenf düğümlerine, kalbe ya da soluk borusunun ikiye ayrıldığı bölgeye yakındır.
4ncü Evre: Kanser her iki akciğerde de bulunur. Akciğerleri ve kalbi saran sıvıda ya da beyin, kemik gibi vücudun diğer bölgelerine sıçramıştır.